Spectrum Management
Overview
Warfighters use spectrum-dependent systems for communications, sensors (i.e., radar), navigation beacons, jammers, homing devices, anti-Improvised Explosive Devices (IED) and other purposes. Often emitters are in close physical proximity to each other and to civilian devices that should not be disrupted by military signals. Spectrum-dependent developers should be aware of the enemy electronic order of battle and countermeasures, and plan accordingly. Devices (including commercial items) that do not account for countermeasures may have vulnerabilities in hostile environments.
Role of the PM and SE
Spectrum management requirements are needed for all spectrum-dependent systems. Any system that uses an antenna or a platform that mounts such systems is a spectrum-dependent system. If a platform obtains a spectrum-dependent system as Government-furnished equipment (GFE), the platform Program Manager (PM) is responsible for ensuring that the GFE PM has obtained the needed permissions. Both programs are required to submit a Spectrum Supportability Risk Assessment (SSRA). The platform SSRA can reference the GFE SSRA, but may have to expand upon it regarding host-nation features or other information not contained in the GFE-level SSRA. The Systems Engineer should be aware of the worldwide rules for spectrum management and the need to obtain host-nation permission for each transmitter and frequency assignment.
PMs need to ensure that spectrum access is adequate and that it is granted in the Continental United States (CONUS) and wherever else the equipment is deployed. The Pre-Milestone A Analysis of Alternatives (AoA) should address spectrum needs as part of concept formulation. Both the SSRA and DD-1494 are required for each milestone (see DoDI 4650.01). The SSRA is used within the DoD as the basis for assessing the feasibility of building and fielding equipment that operate within assigned frequency bands and identifying potential de-confliction situations. The DD-1494, Application for Equipment Frequency Allocation, has four stages, which reflect the increasing maturity of available spectrum information during development. The DD-1494 form is submitted to National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) for approval of spectrum allocation, without which emitters cannot operate within CONUS, and to the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) for satellites. The NTIA Manual of Regulations and Procedures for Federal Radio Frequency Management (Redbook) chapter 3 addresses international treaty aspects of the spectrum, and chapter 4 addresses frequency allocations.
The Systems Engineer has a lead role in defining spectrum needs, throughput and power requirements and other attributes of the signals in space (outside the antenna -- not in the transmission device) and the antenna characteristics and platform mounting details, as well as the safety aspects of emitters with regard to the Hazards of Electromagnetic Radiation to Ordnance (HERO), Personnel (HERP) and Fuel (HERF). The Systems Engineer should be aware that portions of the spectrum previously assigned to DoD or other Federal users are being sold for commercial use. Thus, previously approved DD-1494 can be revoked, requiring modifications to designs and even to fielded equipment. Similarly, host nations can alter prior agreements, as commercial applications encroach upon previously available spectrum.
The Systems Engineer has a lead role in defining spectrum needs, throughput and power requirements and other attributes of the signals in space (outside the antenna -- not in the transmission device) and the antenna characteristics and platform mounting details, as well as the safety aspects of emitters with regard to the Hazards of Electromagnetic Radiation to Ordnance (HERO), Personnel (HERP) and Fuel (HERF). The Systems Engineer should be aware that portions of the spectrum previously assigned to DoD or other Federal users are being sold for commercial use. Thus, previously approved DD-1494 can be revoked, requiring modifications to designs and even to fielded equipment. Similarly, host nations can alter prior agreements, as commercial applications encroach upon previously available spectrum.
Each nation reserves the right to control emitters operating within its territory; thus, host- nation agreements are essential in support of deployment. PMs and Systems Engineers of platforms that mount multiple emitters and receivers need to obtain spectrum access for each emitter and ensure that those emitters and receivers do not produce mutual interference or interact with ordnance (see DoDI 3222.03, MIL-STD-461 (Requirements for the Control of Electromagnetic Interference Characteristics of Subsystems and Equipment), MIL-STD-464 (Electromagnetic Environmental Effects Requirements for Systems), MIL-HDBK-235-1 (Military Operational Electromagnetic Environment Profiles Part 1D General Guidance), MIL-HDBK-237 (Electromagnetic Environmental Effects and Spectrum Supportability Guidance for the Acquisition Process), MIL-HDBK-240-1 to -7 (Electromagnetic Environmental Effects to Ordnance Parts 1-7), and "Joint Services Guide for Development of a Spectrum Supportability Risk Assessment"). The Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA), Defense Spectrum Organization provides spectrum support and planning for DoD. See Figure 5-2. for spectrum activities by acquisition phase. This figure summarizes the requirements of DoDI 4650.01.
Figure 5-2. Spectrum-Related Activities by Life Cycle Phase
Tip: Hover over term for definition
Defense Acquisition Life Cycle Phase | Materiel Solution Analysis | Technology Maturation & Risk Reduction | Engineering & Manufacturing Development | Production & Deployment | Operations & Support |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Spectrum Supportability Risk Assessment (SSRA) | Prepare SSRA | Update SSRA | Update SSRA | Update SSRA | Update SSRA for Mission & technical changes |
DD-1494, Application for Equipment Frequency Allocation | Stage 1 (Conceptual) | Stage 2 (Experimental) | Stage 3 (Developmental) NTIA approval needed before transmission tests | Stage 4 (Operational) NTIA approval needed before deployment or when changes occur | |
Program Management, Systems Engineering, and Testers Electromagnetic Environmental Effects (E3) Tasks | E3 assessment for SSRA | Update E3 assessment for SSRA | Update E3 assessment for SSRA | Update E3 assessment for SSRA | Resolve interference |
Define EME & E3 requirements (i.e., frequency bands, throughput, power, operational areas, etc.) | Update EME; Prepare E3 inputs to ISP, TEMP and acquisition documents; Address at PDR | E3 & EME inputs to TEMP & ISP; HERO, HERP, HERF, TEMPEST, & EMI address at CDR; DT&E transmission tests after Stage 3 approval | Conduct OT&E tests including E3 tests IAW TEMP; E3 assessment report | Deployed support | |
Consider host nation (HN) constraints | Obtain HN comments via SMO | Begin HN discussions via SMO | Obtain HN approval before deployment | Maintain HN approval |
Terms
- CDR - Critical Design Review
- DT&E - developmental test and evaluation
- E3 - electromagnetic environmental effects
- EME - electromagnetic environment
- EMI - electromagnetic interference
- ISP - Information Support Plan
- HERF - hazard of electromagnetic radiation on fuel
- HERO - hazard of electromagnetic radiation on ordinance
- HERP - hazard of electromagnetic radiation on personnel
- HN - host nation
- IAW - in accordance with
- NTIA - National Telecommunications and Information Administration
- OT&E - operational test and evaluation
- PDR - Preliminary Design Review
- SMO - spectrum management office
- SSRA - spectrum supportability risk assessment
- T&E - test and evaluation
- TEMP - Test and Evaluation Master Plan
Products and Tasks
Product | Tasks |
---|---|
10-20-1: Develop electromagnetic environmental effects (E3) control and spectrum supportability (SS) inputs to contract documents |
|
10-20-2: Generate application for equipment frequency allocation (DD form 1494) |
|
10-20-3: Generate program spectrum supportability risk assessment (SSRA) |
|
10-20-4: Develop electromagnetic environmental effects (E3) testing |
|
Source: AWQI eWorkbook
Resources
Key Terms
- Electromagnetic Environmental Effects (E3) Testing
- Electromagnetic Interference
- Electromagnetic Protection
- Electromagnetic Warfare Reprogramming
- Electronic Counter-Countermeasures
- Electronic Warfare
- Spectrum Supportability Risk Assessment
Policy and Guidance
- DoDI 5000.88, Engineering of Defense Systems, 3.7.b. Spectrum Supportability
- Systems Engineering (SE) Guidebook5.19 Spectrum Management
- DoDI 3222.03, DoD Electromagnetic Environmental Effects (E3) Program
- DoDI 4650.01, Policy and Procedures for Management and Use of the Electromagnetic Spectrum
- DD Form 1494, Application for Equipment Frequency Allocation
- MIL-STD-461, Requirements for Control of Electromagnetic Interference Characteristics of Subsystems and Equipment
- MIL-STD-464, Electromagnetic Environmental Effects Requirements for Systems
- MIL-HDBK-235-1, Military Operational Electromagnetic Profiles Part 1D General Guidance
- MIL-HDBK-237, Electromagnetic Environmental Effects and Spectrum Supportability Guidance for the Acquisition Process
- MIL-HDBK-240, Electromagnetic Environmental Effects to Ordnance Parts 1-7; enter ???240??? in the Document Number field of ASSIST Quick Search and select Search to find the documents
- NTIA Manual of Regulations and Procedures for Federal Radio Frequency Management (Redbook)
- Joint Services Guide for Development of a Spectrum Supportability Risk Assessment
- DISA Spectrum Services site
- Defense Spectrum Organization
DAU Training Courses
- ETM 1050 Design Considerations Fundamentals, Lesson 20 Spectrum Management
- CLE 047: Grounding, Bonding, and Shielding
Media
- DoD: EMI Stream (STM)
- Key Electromagnetic Spectrum Considerations for Acquisition Professionals video
- Hazards of Electromagnetic Radiation to Ordnance (HERO) video